"Continuous gaseous direct reduction of low-grade iron ores in a fluid-bed reactor" Book Review: The intended audience for this book is postgraduate students and researchers in metallurgical engineering. It presents a research paper on the topic of gaseous direct reduction of iron ore in a continuous fluid-bed reactor.

This product is known as Direct Reduced Iron (DRI) or Sponge Iron. Processes that produce iron by reduction of iron ore (in solid state) below the melting point are generally classified as DR ...

Hydrogen can serve as a reducing agent and the most prominent application appears to to be iron ore reduction. A variety of direct reduction of iron ores without coke has been carefully studied for a long time. These use hydrogen, carbon-monoxide and carbon in a combination. The reason for the development is due to the following: (1)

Smelting Reduction. Figure 2: The smelt reduction vessel (SRV) is the core technology component of the Hismelt process. Source: RioTinto While years of ironmaking technology innovations have optimized blast furnace productivity, two alternative processes—smelting reduction and direct iron reduction— are growing in adoption. …

Shaofei Li, Huazhi Gu, Ao Huang, Yongshun Zou, Shuang Yang & Lvping Fu. 823 Accesses. 4 Citations. Explore all metrics. Abstract. Hydrogen-based direct reducing iron production (H-DRI) possesses …

Natural iron-based ores (e.g. olivine, magnetite, ilmenite, etc.) have been extensively investigated for their low cost but sufficient stability and reactivity. ... In this work, a novel approach via synergistic conversion of waste biochar and sintering dust to produce direct reduction iron (DRI) and syngas was proposed. ...

For the iron direct reduction, a series of reactions occurred during the process of pellets reduction at T > 843 K: Fe 2 O 3 → Fe 3 O 4 → FeO → Fe. In the reduction series, the transformations of Fe 2 O 3 → Fe 3 O 4 and Fe 3 O 4 → FeO are more rapid than that of FeO → Fe, thus the former two reactions can be ignored in the …

The Direct Reduction of Iron Ore with Hydrogen. by. Shuo Li. 1, Huili Zhang. 2, Jiapei Nie. 2, Raf Dewil. 3, Jan Baeyens. 1,3 and. Yimin Deng. 3,* 1. Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Smart Matter …

The phase composition of the ilmenite ores and the reducing product of carbonthermal reduction are characterized by XRD, and the results are illustrated in Fig. 1. Fig. 1 a gives the crystalline compounds of the ilmenite ores. It can be seen that ilmenite (FeTiO 3) and magnetite (Fe 3 O 4) are the major phase composition in the ilmenite ore; …

In the past few decades, direct reduction of iron ores has become an important step in iron making. Over the years, several direct reduction processes, which range from the ones using ore fines to.

The present manuscript provides a comprehensive overview of the fundamental principles underlying the utilization of hydrogen in the direct reduction of …

DRI production. Direct reduction of iron is the removal of oxygen from iron ore or other iron bearing materials in the solid state, i.e. without melting, as in the blast furnace. The reducing agents are carbon monoxide and …

In a DR process, iron ore pellets and/or lump iron ores are reduced by a reducing gas to produce DRI or hot briquetted iron (HBI). Depending on the generation …

2.1. Macroscopic reduction behavior. Shaft furnaces for HyDR are operated as counter-current flow reactors (Fig. 1 a).The ores, i.e., burden, in the form of pellets or lump, are charged at the top and move downwards, while the reducing gas percolates upward through the burden [8].The processing parameters (e.g., temperature, gas …

Iron Ores for Shaft Direct-Reduction Feedstocks—Determination of the Reducibility Index, Final Degree of Reduction and Degree of Metallization. ISO, Geneva (2007) Google Scholar. ISO 3271, 2007. ISO 3271. Iron Ores for Blast Furnace and Direct Reduction Feedstocks—Determination of the Tumble and Abrasion Indices.

Reductionism. Presentation PDF Available. A REVIEW OF IRONMAKING BY DIRECT REDUCTION PROCESSES: Quality Requirements and sustainability. …

Direct reduction (DR) is an alternate form of ironmaking that is economic at much smaller scales, generally uses natural gas as reductant instead of coke, and costs …

Industrial-scale hydrogen-ironmaking, also known as direct reduction of iron (DRI) using hydrogen, is a process that aims to produce iron without the use of fossil fuels ( Chevrier, 2020; van Vuuren et al., 2022; Tang et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2021; Ledari et al., 2023 ). This process has the potential to significantly reduce carbon dioxide ...

1. Introduction. Direct reduction iron (DRI) is produced by means of several processes but one the most widely used is the MIDREX process. MIDREX represents more than half the world's DRI (Atsushi et al., 2010; [1], [2], [3], [4].The metallic charge of the MIDREX process is provided by lump ores and/or iron ore pellets.

Direct reduction of iron is the removal of oxygen from iron ore or other iron bearing materials in the solid state, i.e. without melting, as in the blast furnace. The reducing agents are carbon monoxide and hydrogen, …

Direct reduction iron or sponge iron is an old method for producing hydrogen (Milne et al., 2006; Peña et al., ... However, lump ore, sinter, pellets or a mixture of these in the size range of 6–20 mm are reduced in a reduction shaft, unlike the fine iron ores and fluidized bed used in the FINEX® process, producing sponge DRI with a ...

The chemical composition of direct reduction iron requires that the metallization ratio be 92–96%, FeO content 3–15%, gangue content 1–4%, phosphorus content less than 0.06%, sulfur content less than 0.03%, and content of each of the nonferrous metal impurities Cr, Ni, Cu, and Pb less than 0.01%. Other indicators, …

The yield of the direct H2-driven reduction was examined and found to exceed 90%, with a maximum of 98% under the vibration of ~47 Hz with an amplitude of 0.6 mm, and operating temperatures close ...

The USCM is validated with a case that considers only a single iron-ore particle that reacts with a gas mixture of CO and N2. The results are then compared with available experimental data that ...

Hydrogen-based direct reduction using fine ore instead of pellets is an alternative to the traditional blast-furnace/basic oxygen furnace (BF/BOF) steelmaking route and to the DR route ... For low-grade iron ores, a combination of a single reduction stage Circored process (metallization degree of up to 85%) with smelting reduction in an ...

Almost all commercially available oxide pellets have less than 0.01% sulfur and are suitable for direct reduction. Some types of lump ores contain 0.01% or less sulfur. Cold discharge plants can tolerate at least 0.03% sulfur in the feed, which is close to the acceptable limit for reduced product used for making steel.

Reduction of iron ores in direct reduction processes occurs done in the solid stage without the need of coke. Just most of the oxygen is removed from the iron ores without melting and without slag metallurgy. This means, that all the gangue materials remain in the product sponge iron, called Direct Reduced Iron (DRI).

The reduction gases only dissolve oxygen from the iron ores. This causes the iron ores to crack on the surface. The appearance resembles a porous sponge, which is why the deoxidized and thus strongly ferrous iron ore is also called sponge iron. Sponge iron is a highly ferrous ore from the direct reduced iron process!

Steel production causes a third of all industrial CO2 emissions due to the use of carbon-based substances as reductants for iron ores, making it a key driver of global warming. Therefore, research efforts aim to replace these reductants with sustainably produced hydrogen. Hydrogen-based direct reduction (HyDR) is an attractive processing …

In a DR process, iron ore pellets and/or lump iron ores are reduced by a reducing gas to produce DRI or hot briquetted iron (HBI). Depending on the generation of the reducing …

and make direct use of iron ore fines. Fluidized bed technology is ideally suited to energy-intensive processes like direct reduction because it enables high heat and mass transfer rates. We have developed two fluidized bed based direct reduction processes for iron ore fines: the hydrogen-based Circored process and the coal-based Circofer process.